teJIsâ ]nXmal\mb Ip¶t¯S¯v BKkvXn am¸nfbpsS ]nXmal\mb Hutk¸p am¸nfbpsS Hcp ktlmZc³ amWnbpsS ]p{X³ Ip¶t¯S¯v amWn¡¯\mÀ Xsâ CShI¸Ånbmb ss]§pfw skâv tacokv ]ÅnbpsS Hcp Ipcnip]Ån ]SnªmdpwIc ]mfbw Ip¶n hnip²anJmtb amemJbpsS t]cn 1864  \m«pImÀ¡pthWvSn Øm]n¨ncp¶p. amÀ¯mWvUhÀ½ almcmPmhv hS¡pwIqdpambpÅ bp²Ime¯v Cu Ip¶n ]«mfhpambn Iym¼Sn¨ncp¶Xn\memWv ]mfbw F¶ t]cp e`n¨sX¶mWv sFXnlyw. Ipcnip]ÅnbnhnsS hbv¡m³ ImcWw A¨sâ ]nXmhv amWn AXn\Sp¯pÅ Nmh\menÂ]d¼n ]pch¨v XdhmSmb Ip¶t¯S¯p\n¶p amdnbncp¶psh¶Xt{X. A¨³ htbmhr²\mbt¸mÄ Znhkhpw IpÀ_m\ AhnsS AÀ¸n¨p. A¨³ (1805þ1867) 1867 se {Inkvakv cm{Xnbn A´cn¨p. At±ls¯ ss]§pfw]Ånbn I_dS¡n.
H¼XphÀjw Ipcnip]Ånbn IpÀ_m\ sNmÃm³ sshZnIÀ F¯nbncp¶nÃ. 1876þ a®\m Ipcymt¡mkv hey¨³ Cu Ipcnip]ÅnbpsS `cWtasäSp¯v AXns\ CShIbm¡n DbÀ¯n. hÅn¨nd, ]Snªmän³Ic F¶nhnS§fnse 50 Â]cw ho«pImÀ CShI tNÀ¶p. 1888  a®\me¨³ hncan¨t¸mÄ Ip¶t¯S¯p IpSpw_§fnÂs¸« Iqämc¸nÅn sXm½sâ ]p{X³ BKkvXnb¨³ hnImcnbmbn \nban¡s¸«p. At±lt¯msSm¸w Ip¶t¯S¯p IpSpw_¡mcmb ^m. BKkvXot\mkv hmcnIm«v (1859þ1928), ^m. ]utemkv Ip¶t¯S¯v (1859þ1919), N{µ¯n henb kvIdnbm¨³ (1849þ1918), ^m. amWn aÃnItÈcn (1860þ1932) XpS§nbhÀ ]mfb¯nse sjUv am{XapÅ Ipcnip]Ån amän AhnsS Hcp Øncamb ]Ån ]WnbWsa¶m{Kln¨p. F¶meXn\pÅ [\mKaamÀ¤w BÀ¡pw IsWvS¯m\mbnÃ.
HSphn Ip¶t¯S¯v ]utemk¨³ AXn\mbn ]ÅnbpsS t\XrXz¯n Hcp Nn«n apXen¡msa¶v A`n{]mbs¸«p. AXv GhÀ¡pw kzoImcyambn. AXp hgn e`n¨ BZyXpIbpw A¶v Ip¶t¯S¯¨³ sImgph\m hnImcnbmbncp¶Xphgn ]cnNbs¸«hcpw sXt¡apdnbnepÅhcpamb GXm\pwt]cnÂ\n¶pw Ipsd cq] ISwhm§n tiJcn¨p. IqSmsX CShImwK§fmb sshZnIÀ 5 hÀjs¯ X§fpsS ]Ån ]XmcmZmbpw kw`mh\ sN¿msat¶äp. ]pdta CShI¸ncnhpw e`n¨p.
A¡me¯v hS¡³ XncphnXmwIqdnse It¯men¡À hcm¸pg cq]Xbn DÄs¸«hcmbncp¶p. N{µ¯ne¨³ A¶s¯ sa{Xmk\hpambn kplrZv_Ô¯nembncp¶Xn\m sa{Xmsâ A\paXnhgn ]mfbwImcpsS amXrCShIbmb ss]§pfw skâv tacokv ]ÅnbnÂ\n¶v 500 cq] hoXw hm§m\mbn. Cu XpIIsfÃmw Iq«n ]mfbw ]gb]Ån (1888þ2008)bpsS ]Wn hnImcn _lp. Iqämc¸nÅne¨sâ t\XrXz¯n XpS§n. Ip¶t¯S¯¨³ sImgph\mÂ\n¶p h¶pwt]mbpw At\zjn¨ncp¶p. sshImsX Iqämc¸nÅne¨³ tcmKnbmIsh ]utemk¨³ 1899  hnImcn bmbn ]mfbs¯¯n. ]Ån ]Wn Xocpwapt¼ {]taltcmKnbmbncp¶ Iqämc¸nÅne¨³ Xsâ hfÀ¯parKamb IocnbpsS ISntb¡pIbm {hW_m[nX\mbn. 1900  Xsâ 47þmas¯ hbÊn AImeNcaw {]m]n¨p. A¨s\ ]Wn Xocm¯ ]ÅnbpsS aZv_lmbv¡p Xmsg H¯\Sphn I_dS¡n. BKkvXnb¨sâ tPyjvT³ hÀ¡nbpsS ]p{X³ sN¼Iaä¯n ]m¸³ tN«sâ t\XrXz¯n GhÀ¡pw A¶Zm\hpw ]mh§Ä¡p [\klmbhpw sNbvXncp¶p.
1904 Bbt¸mtg¡pw ]Ån]Wn XoÀ¯p. ]Snªmän³Ic þ hÅn¨nd `mKs¯ 50þ¸cw ss]§pfw CShI¡mÀ ]mfbw CShI¡mcmbn amdn. ]mfbw]Ån¸d¼papgph³ sXfn¨v A¨³ sX§p sh¸n¨p. ]Ånbnse butk¸v ]nXmhnsâbpw ]ndhn¯ncp\mfnsâbpw cq]§Ä, k{ImcnbpsS apIfnencp¶ Xq§s¸« cq]w F¶nhbpw ]utemk¨³ ]Ån¡p hm§n \ÂIn.
]utemk¨³ sshZnI\mb tijw IpSpw_Ncn{Xhpw ]mfbw]Ån Ncn{XhpsagpXn. CSaäw, sImgph\mÂ, ]mfbw, ss]§pfw, Imc¡pfw(Fen¡pfw) XpS§nb ]ÅnIfn hnImcnbmbn {]ikvX tkh\a\pjvTn¨p. 1918  A¨³ AhnNmcnXambn ]Ånapdnbn XfÀ¶p hoWp. NnInÕbnembncp¶ 1919 s^{_phcn 2þ\p kz´¡mc\mb hmcnIm«v BKkvXnb¨\nÂ\n¶v A´yIqimZIÄ kzoIcn¨v Cu ]pWytÇmI³ IÀ¯mhn \n{Z{]m]n¨p.
s^{_phcn cWvSmw XobXn ]utemk¨³ A\pkvacWw hnip² IpÀ_m\tbmSpIqSn D¨Ignªv aq¶caWn¡v ]mfbw ]Ånbn \S¡pw. ]mem cq]Xklmbsa{Xm³ amÀ tP¡_v apcn¡³ apJy{]`mjWw \S¯pw.